Table of Contents:
  • Constitutional principles
  • Establishing the pre-nomination process (1789-1829)
  • The spoils era I (1829-1845)
  • The spoils era II (1845-1869)
  • Birth of civil service reform (1869-1881)
  • The Pendleton Act : patchwork reform (1881-1897)
  • McKinley to Ford : the tradition continues (1897-1977)
  • Carter to Bush II : a lasting legacy (1977-2007)
  • Analysis and conclusions.