Glass and glass production in the Near East during the Iron Age : evidence from objects, texts and chemical analysis /

Glass and glass production in the Near East during the Iron Age : evidence from objects, texts and chemical analysis /

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This book examines the history of glass in Iron Age Mesopotamia and neighbouring regions (1000-539 BCE). This is the first monograph to cover this region and period comprehensively and in detail and thus fills a significant gap in glass research.

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Schmidt, Katharina (Author)
Format: Electronic eBook
Language:English
Published: Oxford : Archaeopress, [2019]
Subjects:
To 1500
Glass > Iraq > History > To 1500.
Glass manufacture > Iraq > History > To 1500.
Iron age > Iraq.
Iraq > Antiquities.
History
Online Access:CONNECT
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Table of Contents:
  • 1.Foreword and Acknowledgements
  • 1.1.Aims and objectives
  • 1.2.Primary and secondary production and the principles of chaine operatoire
  • 1.3.Previous studies on glass in the ancient Near East
  • 1.4.Geographical and chronological framework
  • 1.4.1.Assyria and Babylonia
  • 1.4.1.1.The Neo-Assyrian period
  • 1.4.1.2.The Neo-Babylonian period
  • 1.4.2.Levant
  • 1.4.2.1.History and chronology of the Levant
  • 1.4.2.2.P̀hoenicia' and related terminological difficulties
  • 1.5.The beginnings of glass production in ancient Mesopotamia
  • 2.Glass and Glassy Materials: Definitions and Material Properties
  • 2.1.Glass
  • 2.1.1.Physical properties and chemical composition
  • 2.1.2.Melting properties and workability
  • 2.1.3.Weathering effects
  • 2.2.Glassy and sintered materials: definitions and compositions
  • 2.2.1.Faience
  • 2.2.2.Glassy faience
  • 2.2.3.Frit
  • 2.2.4.Glazes
  • 2.2.5.Summary
  • 3.Archaeological Contexts: Sites with Iron Age Glass Finds
  • 3.1.Assyria
  • 3.1.1.Assur
  • 3.1.1.1.Istar and Nabu temples
  • 3.1.1.2.Graves
  • 3.1.1.3.Other contexts
  • 3.1.2.Khorsabad
  • 3.1.3.Arslan Tas
  • 3.1.4.Nimrud
  • 3.1.4.1.Ninurta Temple
  • 3.1.4.2.Northwest Palace
  • 3.1.4.3.Burnt Palace
  • 3.1.4.4.Fort Shalmaneser
  • 3.1.4.5.Summary
  • 3.1.5.Nineveh
  • 3.1.6.Sultantepe
  • 3.1.7.Til Barsip
  • 3.1.8.ZiyaretTepe
  • 3.2.Babylonia
  • 3.2.1.Babylon
  • 3.2.1.1.Graves
  • 3.2.1.2.Other contexts
  • 3.2.1.3.Duleym
  • 3.2.2.Eridu
  • 3.2.3.Isin
  • 3.2.4.Kis
  • 3.2.5.Nippur
  • 3.2.6.Ur and Diqdiqqa
  • 3.2.7.Uruk
  • 3.3.Levant
  • 3.3.1.Amman
  • 3.3.2.Tel 'Aroer
  • 3.3.3.'Atlit
  • 3.3.4.Beth-Shean
  • 3.3.5.Busayra
  • 3.3.6.Tell Jemmeh
  • 3.3.7.Megiddo
  • 3.3.8.Pella
  • 3.3.9.Samaria
  • 3.4.Related glass finds in other regions
  • 3.4.1.Carthage
  • 3.4.2.Fortetsa
  • 3.4.3.Gordion
  • 3.4.4.Hasanlu
  • 3.4.4.1.Burnt Building II (BBIl)
  • 3.4.4.2.Burnt Building V (BBV)
  • 3.4.4.3.Burnt Building IV-V (BBIV-V)
  • 3.4.4.4.Summary
  • 3.4.5.Idalion
  • 3.4.6.Kameiros
  • 3.4.7.Praeneste
  • 3.4.8.Susa
  • 4.The Glass Objects: Manufacturing Techniques, Typology, and Function
  • 4.1.Mosaic (glass) objects
  • 4.1.1.Definition of the term m̀osaic'
  • 4.1.2.Manufacturing techniques
  • 4.1.2.1.Bowls
  • 4.1.2.2.Inlays
  • 4.1.2.3.Tiles
  • 4.1.3.Description and discussion of objects
  • 4.1.3.1.Bowls
  • 4.1.3.2.Inlays
  • 4.1.3.3.Tiles
  • 4.1.4.Discussion: date of mosaic (glass) objects
  • 4.2.C̀ast-and-cut' glass
  • 4.2.1.Manufacturing techniques
  • 4.2.1.1.Principles of'cast-and-cut' glass
  • 4.2.1.2.Casting in open moulds
  • 4.2.1.3.Casting in multi-part moulds and the lost-wax technique
  • 4.2.1.4.Slumping and sagging
  • 4.2.1.5.Significance of bubbles in the manufacturing process
  • 4.2.1.6.Cold-working techniques
  • 4.2.2.Description and discussion of objects
  • 4.2.2.1.Palettes
  • 4.2.2.2.Mace-heads
  • 4.2.2.3.Jars and àlabastra'
  • 4.2.2.4.Hemispherical bowls
  • 4.2.2.5.Shallow undecorated bowls, ribbed bowls and petalled bowls
  • 4.2.2.6.Cut-and-inlaid vessels
  • 4.2.2.7.Painted inlays
  • 4.2.2.8.Rosette inlays
  • 4.2.2.9.Small monochrome inlays
  • 4.2.2.10.Large monochrome inlays
  • 4.2.2.11.Attachments and inlays for composite statues
  • 4.3.Core- and rod-formed glass
  • 4.3.1.Previous studies on core- and rod-formed glass
  • 4.3.2.Manufacturing process
  • 4.3.2.1.Core-forming
  • 4.3.2.2.Rod-forming
  • 4.3.3.Core-formed vessels
  • 4.3.3.1.Description of core-formed vessels
  • 4.3.3.2.Discussion
  • 4.3.4.Tubes
  • 4.3.4.1.Manufacturing process
  • 4.3.4.2.Description
  • 4.3.4.3.Discussion
  • 4.3.5.Head pendants
  • 4.4.Summary on different manufacturing techniques
  • 4.5.Primary products: ingots, raw glass fragments and waste material
  • 4.5.1.Description and discussion of the ingots
  • 4.5.2.Description of the raw glass fragments
  • 4.5.3.Description of the waste material
  • 4.5.4.Summary
  • 5.Discussion of the Archaeological Data
  • 5.1.Remarks on the archaeological dataset
  • 5.2.Distribution according to the different types of glass objects
  • 5.3.Distribution according to sites and regions
  • 5.3.1.Cast-and-cut glass
  • 5.3.1.1.Vessels
  • 5.3.1.2.Inlays
  • 5.3.2.Core- and rod-formed objects
  • 5.3.3.Primary products
  • 5.3.4.Summary
  • 5.4.Distribution according to find contexts
  • 5.4.1.Cast-and-cut objects
  • 5.4.2.Core- and rod-formed glass
  • 5.4.3.Primary products
  • 5.4.4.Summary
  • 5.5.Chronological developments during the Iron Age
  • 5.5.1.Cast-and-cut glass
  • 5.5.1.1.Palettes, mace-heads and vessels
  • 5.5.1.2.Inlays
  • 5.5.2.Core- and rod-formed glass
  • 5.5.3.Summary
  • 6.The Nineveh Glass Recipes
  • 6.1.The understanding of the glass texts
  • 6.1.1.Previous studies on glass texts
  • 6.1.2.The distinction between m̀anuscript' and t̀ext'
  • 6.2.The library of Ashurbanipal and its m̀anuscripts'
  • 6.3.The t̀exts': genre and function
  • 6.4.Function of m̀anuscript' and t̀ext'
  • 6.5.Glass in cuneiform texts
  • 6.6.The recipe for blue zaginduru-glass
  • 6.6.1.Coherent transcription and translation
  • 6.6.2.Introduction: the construction of the kiln and accompanying rituals
  • 6.6.3.Production of the colourless primary glass zu/eu
  • 6.6.4.Production of the blue primary glass tersitu
  • 6.6.5.Production of the end product: blue zagindura-glass
  • 6.6.6.Summary
  • 7.Archaeometrical Evidence
  • 7.1.Major constituents of ancient glass
  • 7.1.1.Silica
  • 7.1.2.Flux
  • 7.1.3.Plant ash glass
  • 7.1.4.Natron glass
  • 7.1.5.Stabiliser
  • 7.1.6.Opacifiers
  • 7.1.7.Decolourisers
  • 7.2.Colourants and their sources
  • 7.2.1.Iron
  • 7.2.2.Cobalt
  • 7.2.3.Copper
  • 7.2.3.1.Copper and blue glass
  • 7.2.3.2.Copper and red glass
  • 7.2.3.3.The emergence of high-lead/high-copper red glass
  • 7.2.4.Lead antimonate and calcium antimonate
  • 7.2.5.Manganese
  • 7.3.Summary and conclusion
  • 7.4.Re-evaluation of chemical data of Mesopotamian glass
  • 7.4.1.Approach and methodology
  • 7.4.2.Hasanlu
  • 7.4.2.1.Basic glass compositions
  • 7.4.2.2.Colouring agents
  • 7.4.3.Trace elements
  • 7.4.3.1.Conclusion
  • 7.4.4.Nimrud
  • 7.4.4.1.Basic compositions
  • 7.4.4.2.Colourless glass groups
  • 7.4.4.3.Colouring agents
  • 7.4.4.4.Conclusion
  • 7.4.5.Pella
  • 7.4.6.Gordion
  • 7.4.7.Late Bronze Age glass from Nippur, Nuzi, and Tell Brak
  • 7.4.8.Conclusion
  • 7.4.8.1.Mesopotamian Late Bronze Age and Iron Age glass compositions
  • 7.4.8.2.Exchange networks in the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age
  • 8.Conclusion
  • 8.1.Techniques and production
  • 8.1.1.The different manufacturing techniques
  • 8.1.2.Glass workshops: identification of primary and secondary production
  • 8.1.2.1.Primary production
  • 8.1.2.2.Secondary production
  • 8.2.The role of the palace and the Neo-Assyrian Empire in Iron Age Mesopotamian glass production
  • 8.2.1.Transparent cast-and-cut glass commissioned by the palace?
  • 8.2.2.The question of P̀hoenician' glassworkers in the context of cold-working techniques
  • 8.2.3.The impact of the Neo-Assyrian Empire on glass production by the displacement of specialists
  • 8.3.Functions and values of glass objects and the material glass
  • 8.3.1.Different forms of values
  • 8.3.2.Use and significance of Iron Age Mesopotamian glass objects
  • 8.3.3.The material properties of glass and its value
  • 8.4.Concluding remarks.

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