Venezuela
Venezuela, , .}} officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela,.}} is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It comprises an area of , and its population was estimated at 29 million in 2022. The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas. The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Colombia, Brazil on the south, Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east and on the east by Guyana. Venezuela is a presidential republic consisting of 23 states, the Capital District and federal dependencies covering Venezuela's offshore islands. Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north and in the capital.The territory of Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522 amid resistance from Indigenous peoples. In 1811, it became one of the first Spanish-American territories to declare independence from the Spanish and to form part of the first federal Republic of Colombia (Gran Colombia). It separated as a full sovereign country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, remaining dominated by regional military dictators until the mid-20th century. From 1958, the country had a series of democratic governments, as an exception where most of the region was ruled by military dictatorships, and the period was characterized by economic prosperity.
Economic shocks in the 1980s and 1990s led to major political crises and widespread social unrest, including the deadly Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted coups in 1992, and the impeachment of a President for embezzlement of public funds charges in 1993. The collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the 1998 Venezuelan presidential election, the catalyst for the Bolivarian Revolution, which began with a 1999 Constituent Assembly, where a new Constitution of Venezuela was imposed. The government's populist social welfare policies were bolstered by soaring oil prices, temporarily increasing social spending, and reducing economic inequality and poverty in the early years of the regime. However, poverty began to rapidly increase in the 2010s. The 2013 Venezuelan presidential election was widely disputed leading to widespread protest, which triggered another nationwide crisis that continues to this day. Venezuela has experienced democratic backsliding, shifting into an authoritarian state. It ranks low in international measurements of freedom of the press and civil liberties and has high levels of perceived corruption. Venezuela is a developing country having the world's largest known oil reserves and has been one of the world's leading exporters of oil. Previously, the country was an underdeveloped exporter of agricultural commodities such as coffee and cocoa, but oil quickly came to dominate exports and government revenues. The excesses and poor policies of the incumbent government led to the collapse of Venezuela's entire economy. The country struggles with record hyperinflation, shortages of basic goods, unemployment, poverty, disease, high child mortality, malnutrition, environmental issues, severe crime and corruption. These factors have precipitated the Venezuelan refugee crisis in which more than 7.7 million people had fled the country by June 2024. By 2017, Venezuela was declared to be in default regarding debt payments by credit rating agencies. The crisis in Venezuela has contributed to a rapidly deteriorating human rights situation.
The 2024 presidential election were not recognized by the Carter Center and Organization of American States due to the lack of granular results, and disputed by the opposition, leading to protests across the country. Provided by Wikipedia
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Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela : con la enmienda no 1, de fecha 15 de febrero de 2009.
Published 2009“…Venezuela…”
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Constitution of Venezuela : July 5, 1947.
Published 1950“…Venezuela…”
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Constitution of the United States of Venezuela.
Published 1929“…Venezuela…”
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Constitution of the United States of Venezuela.
Published 1918“…Venezuela…”
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Constitution.
Published 1906“…Venezuela…”
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Constitution of the United States of Venezuela.
Published 1915“…Venezuela…”
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Constitution of the Republic of Venezuela.
Published 1867“…Venezuela…”
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Constitution of the State of Venezuela : established by the deputies of the provinces of Cumanà, Barcelona, Margarita, Caracas, Carabobo, Coro, Maracaibo, Merida, Barinas, Apure, a...
Published 1833“…Venezuela…”
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Revised constitution of the United States of Venezuela.
Published 1925“…Venezuela…”
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Cuerpo de leyes decretos y resoluciones sancionados por los Congresos de Venezuela : en los años de 1830, 31, 32 y 33. Con un apendice que contiene las leyes judiciales vigentes, e...
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Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, 1999, as amended by Amendment No. 1 of 15 February 2009 /
Published 2009“…Venezuela…”
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Anales venezolanos de nutrición.
Published 1988“…Fundación Cavendes (Caracas, Venezuela)…”
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Acta botánica venezuélica.
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Danzas Venezuela.
Published 1968“…Danzas Venezuela (Musical group)…”
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Treaty series : treaties and international agreements registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations.
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Declaration of rights /
Published 1841“…Venezuela. Congreso Constituyente (1811)…”
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Archivo del General Miranda ... by Miranda, Francisco de, 1750-1816
Published 1929“…Academia Nacional de la Historia (Venezuela)…”
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Escritos del Liberatador. by Bolívar, Simón, 1783-1830
Published 1964“…Sociedad Bolivariana de Venezuela, Caracas…”
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The fiscal system of Venezuela.
Published 1959“…Commission to Study the Fiscal System of Venezuela…”
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