Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia, , ; }} officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA),, }} is a country in Western Asia. It covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula and has a land area of about , making it the fifth-largest country in Asia and the largest in the Middle East. It is bordered by the Red Sea to the west; Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait to the north; the Persian Gulf, Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates to the east; Oman to the southeast; and Yemen to the south. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northwest separates Saudi Arabia from Egypt and Israel. Saudi Arabia is the only country with a coastline along both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, and most of its terrain consists of arid desert, lowland, steppe, and mountains. The capital and largest city is Riyadh; other major cities include Jeddah and the two holiest cities in Islam, Mecca and Medina. With a population of almost 32.2 million, Saudi Arabia is the fourth most populous country in the Arab world.Pre-Islamic Arabia, the territory that constitutes modern-day Saudi Arabia, was the site of several ancient cultures and civilizations; the prehistory of Saudi Arabia shows some of the earliest traces of human activity outside Africa. Islam, the world's second-largest religion, emerged in what is now Saudi Arabia in the early seventh century. Islamic prophet Muhammad united the population of the Arabian Peninsula and created a single Islamic religious polity. Following his death in 632, his followers expanded Muslim rule beyond Arabia, conquering territories in North Africa, Central, South Asia and Iberia within decades. Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the Rashidun (632–661), Umayyad (661–750), Abbasid (750–1517), and Fatimid (909–1171) caliphates, as well as numerous other dynasties in Asia, Africa, and Europe.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by King Abdulaziz (also known as Ibn Saud), who united the regions of Hejaz, Najd, parts of Eastern Arabia (Al-Ahsa) and South Arabia ('Asir) into a single state through a series of conquests, beginning in 1902 with the capture of Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud. Saudi Arabia has since been an absolute monarchy governed by an authoritarian regime without public input. In its Basic Law, Saudi Arabia defines itself as a sovereign Arab Islamic state with Islam as its official religion and Arabic as its official language. The ultraconservative Wahhabi religious movement within Sunni Islam was the prevailing political and cultural force in the country until the 2000s. The Saudi government has attracted criticism for various policies such as its intervention in the Yemeni Civil War, alleged sponsorship of terrorism, and widespread human rights abuses.
Saudi Arabia is considered both a regional and middle power. Since petroleum was discovered in the country in 1938, the kingdom has become the world's third-largest oil producer and leading oil exporter, controlling the world's second-largest oil reserves and the sixth-largest gas reserves. Saudi Arabia is categorized as a World Bank high-income economy and is the only Arab country among the G20 major economies. The Saudi economy is the largest in the Middle East and the world's nineteenth largest by nominal GDP and seventeenth largest by PPP. Ranking very high in the Human Development Index, Saudi Arabia offers tuition-free university education, no personal income tax, and free universal health care. With its dependency on foreign labour, Saudi Arabia has the world's third-largest immigrant population. Saudi Arabians are among the world's youngest people, with approximately half being under 25 years old. Saudi Arabia is an active and founding member of the Gulf Cooperation Council, United Nations, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Arab League, and OPEC, as well as a dialogue partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Provided by Wikipedia
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Opportunities and challenges for Asian-Arabian ties / by Sulṭān ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz Āl Saʻūd, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, 1928-2011
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The law of the Council of Ministers.
Published 2009“…Saudi Arabia…”
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Law on the Council of Ministers, 1993.
Published 2009“…Saudi Arabia…”
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Basic law : the basic law of government.
Published 1992“…Saudi Arabia…”
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Basic law.
Published 1992“…Saudi Arabia…”
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Majlis Ash-Shura law.
Published 1993“…Saudi Arabia…”
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Majlis al-Shura law.
Published 1993“…Saudi Arabia…”
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Shura council law : Royal Decree No. A/91 : 27 Sha'ban 1412/ I March 1992.
Published 2005“…Saudi Arabia…”
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Law on the provinces, 1992.
Published 1993“…Saudi Arabia…”
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Law on the provinces, 1992.
Published 1993“…Saudi Arabia…”
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Decree of the King of the Hejaz, Nejd, and dependencies altering the name of the kingdom to Saudi Arabia : September 18, 1932.
Published 1937“…Saudi Arabia…”
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Royal decree constituting Nejd a kingdom and uniting it with the Hejaz : January 29, 1927.
Published 1934“…Saudi Arabia…”
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Royal decree constituting Nejd a kingdom and uniting it with the Hejaz : January 29, 1927.
Published 1953“…Saudi Arabia…”
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Decree constituting the Nejd a kingdom and uniting it with the Hejaz : January 29, 1927.
Published 1950“…Saudi Arabia…”
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Constitution of the Kingdom of the Hejaz : August 29, 1926.
Published 1931“…Saudi Arabia…”
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Constitution of the Kingdom of the Hejaz : August 29, 1926.
Published 1953“…Saudi Arabia…”
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Royal decree respecting the organisation of the legislative assembly of Hejaz-Nejd : July 13, 1928.
Published 1934“…Saudi Arabia…”
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Remote sensing : cooperation : agreement between the United States of America and Saudi Arabia, signed at Reston and Riyadh, February 19 and April 27, 2013, with annexes.
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Environmental cooperation : GLOBE Program : agreement between the United States of America and Saudi Arabia, signed at Washington, September 30, 2002, with appendices.
Published 2013“…Saudi Arabia…”
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Taxation : Foreign Account Tax Compliance : agreement between the United States of America and Saudi Arabia, signed at Riyadh, November 15, 2016, with annexes.
Published 2017“…Saudi Arabia…”
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