Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire,; , }} also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. It developed in the Early Middle Ages and lasted for almost a thousand years until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.On 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned Frankish king Charlemagne as Roman emperor, reviving the title in Western Europe more than three centuries after the fall of the ancient Western Roman Empire in 476. The title lapsed in 924, but was revived in 962 when Otto I was crowned emperor by Pope John XII, fashioning himself as Charlemagne's and the Carolingian Empire's successor, and beginning a continuous existence of the empire for over eight centuries. From 962 until the 12th century, the empire was one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe. The functioning of government depended on the harmonious cooperation between emperor and vassals; this harmony was disturbed during the Salian period. The empire reached the apex of territorial expansion and power under the House of Hohenstaufen in the mid-13th century, but overextension of its power led to a partial collapse.
Scholars generally describe an evolution of the institutions and principles constituting the empire, and a gradual development of the imperial role. While the office of emperor had been reestablished, the exact term for his realm as the "Holy Roman Empire" was not used until the 13th century, although the emperor's theoretical legitimacy from the beginning rested on the concept of ''translatio imperii'', that he held supreme power inherited from the ancient emperors of Rome. Nevertheless, in the Holy Roman Empire, the imperial office was traditionally elective by the mostly German prince-electors. In theory and diplomacy, the emperors were considered the first among equals of all Europe's Catholic monarchs.
A process of Imperial Reform in the late 15th and early 16th centuries transformed the empire, creating a set of institutions which endured until its final demise in the 19th century. According to historian Thomas Brady Jr., the empire after the Imperial Reform was a political body of remarkable longevity and stability, and "resembled in some respects the monarchical polities of Europe's western tier, and in others the loosely integrated, elective polities of East Central Europe." The new corporate German Nation, instead of simply obeying the emperor, negotiated with him. On 6 August 1806, Emperor Francis II abdicated and formally dissolved the empire following the creation – the month before, by French emperor Napoleon – of the Confederation of the Rhine, a confederation of German client states loyal not to the Holy Roman emperor but to France. Provided by Wikipedia
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1
Articles of the peace agreed vpon, between the Archduke Mathias, on the Emperours part, and the deputies of the Lord Botzkay, and of other Lords of Hungarie on the other partie : I...
Published 1607“…Holy Roman Empire…”
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The Golden bull: or, The fundamentall lavves and constitutions of the Empire : Shewing, the persons and priuiledges of the princes electors, the manner of the election, the forme a...
Published 1619“…Holy Roman Empire…”
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Aller des Heiligen Römischen Reichs gehaltene Reichstäge, Abschiede und Satzunge : sampt andern kayserlichen und königlichen Constitutionen, als Gulden Bull, lateinisch und teutsch...
Published 1660“…Holy Roman Empire. Reichstag…”
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4
The rekening and declaracio[n] of the faith and beleif of Huldrik Zwingly : bisshoppe of Ziiryk the cheif town of Heluetia, sent to Charles .v. that nowe is Emprowr of Rome: holdin... by Zwingli, Ulrich, 1484-1531
Published 1543“…Holy Roman Empire. Reichstag…”
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The rekenynge and declaracion of the fayth and belefe of huldrike zwyngly : byshoppe of ziiryk the chefe town of Heluitia, sent to Charles .v. that nowe is Emproure of Rome: holdyn... by Zwingli, Ulrich, 1484-1531
Published 1548“…Holy Roman Empire. Reichstag…”
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The accompt rekenynge and confession of the faith of Huldrik Zwinglius byshop of Zuryk the chief towne of Heluetia : sent vnto Charles the fyfte nowe Emperoure of Rome, holdynge a... by Zwingli, Ulrich, 1484-1531
Published 1555“…Holy Roman Empire. Reichstag…”
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The resolution of the electors and the princes of the empire, February the 11th, 1689 : containing the reasons of their declaring war against France : together with the Emperor's c...
Published 1689“…Holy Roman Empire. Reichstag…”
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8
Articles of peace between the emperour and empire, and France : concluded in the royal palace of Reswick, in Holland, October 30, 1697.
Published 1697“…Holy Roman Empire…”
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9
The actes of the disputacio[n] in the cowncell of the Empyre holden at Regenspurg : that is to saye, all the artycles concernyng the Christen relygion both agreed and not agreed vp...
Published 1542“…Holy Roman Empire. Reichstag…”
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10
The acts of the diet of Regenspurgh: held in the yeeres 1622 and 1623 : Containing these seuerall treatises. 1 Sixe propositions made by the emperour. 2 The consultaes of aduices o...
Published 1623“…Holy Roman Empire. Reichstag…”
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Instrumentum pacis, : a sacræ Cæsareæ, et sacræ Christianissimæ Majestatis Majestatis. Necnon Sacri Rom. Imperii Deputatorum extraordinarium & aliorum electorum, principum, & statu...
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12
The articles of the treaty of peace, signed and sealed at Munster, in Westphalia, the 24th of October, 1648. By the ambassadors, plenipotentiaries, of their sacred, imperial, and m...
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A relation of the novv present warres, betweene the illustrious L. Charles Emanuel, D. of Sauoy, Piedmont, &c. and the L. Cardinal of Mantua, D. of Montserrat; seconded by the King... by Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, 1562-1630
Published 1615“…Holy Roman Empire. Emperor (1612-1619 : Matthias)…”
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14
The Emperor's letter to James II. late King of England, &c. dated the ninth of April, 1689. : In answer to a letter he receiv'd from him, dated the 6th of February, 1688[/]9. With... by Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, 1640-1705
Published 1689“…Holy Roman Empire. Emperor (1658-1705 : Leopold I)…”
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15
The Emperour's concessions to his Protestant subjects of Hungary, : as they were sent from Vienna in Latin, and are now translated out of the original copy, as follows.
Published 1681“…Holy Roman Empire. Emperor (1658-1705 : Leopold I)…”
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The oration or substance of that which was deliuered before his Maiestie of Great Brittaine. By the Emperours ambassador, the high and excellent Lord, Count Schwarzenberg, at his d... by Schwarzenberg, Georg Ludwig, Graf von, 1586-1646
Published 1622“…Holy Roman Empire. Emperor (1619-1637 : Ferdinand II)…”
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17
[These ben the ordynau[n]ces, that the emperour hath caused to be red and declared in his presence, to thestates of his countrees of those partyes at theyr assemblynge to his mages...
Published 1532“…Holy Roman Empire. Emperor (1519-1556 : Charles V)…”
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The oration or substance of that which was deliuered before his Maiestie of Great Brittaine : by the Emperours embassador, the high and excellent Lord, Count Swartesienbourge, at h... by Schwarzenberg, Georg Ludwig, Graf von, 1586-1646
Published 1622“…Holy Roman Empire. Emperor (1619-1637 : Ferdinand II)…”
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19
A declaration of manifesto, wherein the Roman Imperiall Majesty makes known to the states & peers of Hungarie, what reasons and motives have compelled him to proceed in open warre...
Published 1644“…Holy Roman Empire. Emperor (1637-1657 : Ferdinand III)…”
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20
A proclamation being His Majesty's Act of Oblivion to the Hungarian rebels
Published 1684“…Holy Roman Empire. Emperor (1658-1705 : Leopold I)…”
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